No matter how many times the update was attempted, it kept failing with error code: 800B0109.

Upon checking the update history, it seemed that KB890830 had failed multiple times, so manually installing it resolved the issue.

Windows-KB890830-x64-V5.114.exe

Regarding the “Microsoft Security Essentials Security Intelligence Update KB2310138” that was also failing, it was resolved by uninstalling Security Essentials and completing the installation.